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County of Northwest England, created in 1974 from Cumberland, Westmorland, the Furness district of Northwest Lancashire, and the Sedbergh district of Northwest Yorkshire. Known for its stunning landscapes, which include the Lake District National Park, one of the most beautiful and popular tourist destinations in the UK. Cumbria’s combination of natural beauty, rich history, and cultural heritage makes it a unique and captivating region of England. Whether you're looking to explore the mountains and lakes or delve into the area's history, Cumbria offers a wide range of experiences for visitors.

Towns and cities

Carlisle:

The only city in Cumbria, Carlisle has a rich history and serves as a gateway to the north and Scotland.

Kendal:

Known as the "Gateway to the Lake District," Kendal is famous for its historic buildings, Kendal Castle, and the production of Kendal Mint Cake, a local sweet treat.

Whitehaven:

A historic Georgian town with a rich maritime history, Whitehaven was once one of the most important ports in the UK. The town has a well-preserved grid layout and a harbour with links to the transatlantic trade.

Workington:

An industrial town on the west coast, Workington has a strong history in coal mining and steel production. The town has undergone regeneration efforts and offers access to the western Lake District.

Barrow-in-Furness:

A coastal town with a strong shipbuilding heritage, Barrow is also the gateway to the scenic Furness Peninsula and nearby attractions like the ruins of Furness Abbey.

Windermere:

Although often associated with the lake of the same name, Windermere is a bustling town popular with tourists exploring the Lake District. Nearby Bowness-on-Windermere is a lively spot with shops, restaurants, and boat trips on the lake.

Maryport:

A historic port town with Roman origins, Maryport has a rich maritime heritage and is home to the Senhouse Roman Museum and a lively marina.

Cockermouth:

A charming market town on the edge of the Lake District, Cockermouth is the birthplace of poet William Wordsworth. The town has a well-preserved historic centre and is close to scenic areas like Buttermere and Crummock Water.

Penrith:

A historic town known for its medieval castle, Penrith is a gateway to both the Lake District and the Eden Valley. The town has a lively market and is a good base for exploring nearby attractions.

Egremont:

A small town with a Norman castle, Egremont is known for its Crab Fair, one of the oldest fairs in the world, which includes the famous World Gurning Championships.

Area

6,810 sq. km / 2,629 sq. miles

Population

501,000 (2022)

Topography

Cumbria is bordered by Scotland to the north, the Irish Sea to the west, and the counties of Northumberland, Durham, and North Yorkshire to the east. The county is known for its varied terrain, including mountains, lakes, forests, and coastline. The Lake District, with its famous lakes like Windermere and Coniston Water, as well as England’s highest peak, Scafell Pike, dominates the landscape.

Scafell Pike:

Standing at an elevation of 978 meters (3,209 feet) above sea level. Located in the Lake District National Park in Cumbria, Scafell Pike is part of the Southern Fells and is a popular destination for hikers, climbers, and outdoor enthusiasts. The mountain is known for its rugged terrain, stunning views, and challenging ascents, making it a must-visit for anyone looking to experience the natural beauty and adventure that the Lake District has to offer. Like much of the Lake District, Scafell Pike was shaped by ancient volcanic activity and glaciation.

Commerce

Traditionally, Cumbria’s economy was based on agriculture, mining, and forestry. Sheep farming, particularly for Herdwick sheep, remains an important part of rural life. The region's rugged terrain and scenic beauty have also made tourism a major industry, especially in the Lake District. In addition to tourism, Cumbria has a significant nuclear industry presence, particularly around the Sellafield site, which has been a major employer in the region.

Famous people

Thomas de Quincey, Beatrix Potter John Ruskin's home, Brantwood, on Coniston Water, homes of Robert Southey and Samuel Taylor Coleridge at Keswick, birthplace of William Wordsworth at Cockermouth and home at Grasmere, Stan Laurel was born at Ulverston

Attractions

Cumbria has a rich and diverse history, with evidence of human settlement dating back to prehistoric times. The area was influenced by Roman occupation, as seen in Hadrian’s Wall, a UNESCO World Heritage Site that stretches across the northern boundary of Cumbria. The region also has a strong Viking heritage, particularly in place names and local culture. During the medieval period, Cumbria was a border region often caught in conflicts between England and Scotland. The county has many castles, such as Carlisle Castle and Penrith Castle, which reflect its turbulent history.

Lake District National Park:

The most famous part of Cumbria, this UNESCO World Heritage Site offers breathtaking scenery, including lakes, fells, and charming villages. Popular spots include Windermere, Grasmere, and Keswick.

Hadrian’s Wall:

Stretching across northern England, Hadrian’s Wall was a Roman fortification that marked the northern boundary of the Roman Empire. The wall passes through Cumbria and offers numerous archaeological sites and walking trails.

Lowther Castle:

Stunning ruin with a rich history that spans centuries. The castle, once the grand seat of the Lowther family, is a magnificent example of Gothic Revival architecture and is surrounded by extensive gardens and parklands. The current Lowther Castle was commissioned in 1806 by William Lowther, 1st Earl of Lonsdale, who desired a residence that reflected his family's status. The architect Robert Smirke, best known for his work on the British Museum, was chosen to design the castle.

Carlisle:

The county town of Cumbria, Carlisle has a rich history, including its cathedral and castle. It was a key military stronghold and played a significant role in the border conflicts with Scotland.

Keswick:

A popular town in the Lake District, Keswick is known for its outdoor activities, including hiking, boating, and climbing. The town also has cultural attractions like the Theatre by the Lake and the Derwent Pencil Museum.

Penrith:

Another historic market town, Penrith is known for its proximity to the Eden Valley and its connections to historical figures like Richard III. The town features Penrith Castle and nearby prehistoric sites like Long Meg and Her Daughters stone circle.

Ullswater:

Often regarded as one of the most beautiful lakes in the Lake District, Ullswater offers stunning scenery and opportunities for boating, hiking, and exploring nearby villages like Glenridding.

Ambleside:

Located near the northern end of Lake Windermere, Ambleside is a charming town with a rich history and is a popular base for exploring the Lake District. Nearby attractions include Stock Ghyll Force, a scenic waterfall, and the Armitt Museum.

Beatrix Potter’s Hill Top:

Near Sawrey, this 17th-century farmhouse was the home of Beatrix Potter, the beloved children’s author. It’s now a museum dedicated to her life and works.

Kirkstone Pass:

It connects the towns of Ambleside in the south and Patterdale in the north, near Ullswater. At an elevation of around 1,489 feet (454 meters), it is the highest pass in the Lake District that is open to motor traffic, making it a popular route for visitors exploring the region. The pass takes its name from a large stone called the Kirkstone, which resembles a church or "kirk" in shape, and it is a notable landmark near the summit. Near the top of the pass sits the Kirkstone Pass Inn, one of the highest inns in England. It dates back to the 15th century and offers stunning views of the surrounding fells and valleys. The inn is a popular stop for travellers and hikers exploring the area. The road through Kirkstone Pass (A592) is narrow, steep, and winding, offering breathtaking views of the Lake District’s rugged terrain. It is a challenging but rewarding drive, especially in winter, when snow and ice can make conditions difficult. The pass also provides access to numerous hiking trails, including routes to Red Screes and Stony Cove Pike, which are popular with walkers and climbers.

Grizedale Forest:

A large forest in the heart of the Lake District, Grizedale offers walking and cycling trails, art installations, and an adventure park with zip lines and treetop courses.

Ulverston:

Ulverston is famous as the birthplace of Stan Laurel, one half of the legendary comedy duo Laurel and Hardy. The Laurel and Hardy Museum is a popular attraction dedicated to their work and legacy. It features a wide range of memorabilia, films, and exhibits on the pair’s career. One of the town’s most iconic landmarks is the Hoad Monument, a lighthouse-like structure dedicated to Sir John Barrow, a British naval administrator and explorer born in Ulverston. The monument sits on Hoad Hill and provides stunning views over the town and surrounding countryside. Though it resembles a lighthouse, it has never been used as one. You can climb to the top of the monument for panoramic vistas.

Coniston Water:

Another famous lake in the district, Coniston is associated with Donald Campbell’s world water speed record attempts. The surrounding area offers excellent walking and climbing opportunities, particularly on the Old Man of Coniston.

Myths and Legends

Cumbria has its share of myths and legends, many of which are tied to its rugged landscape. Stories of giants, such as the giant of Carrock Fell, and supernatural creatures like the "Cumbrian Boggles" (ghosts or spirits) are part of the region's folklore. The area is also associated with the legend of King Arthur, with some suggesting that Arthur’s last battle, the Battle of Camlann, took place near Cumbria.

Weather

Cumbria’s weather can be unpredictable, with the Lake District being one of the wettest areas in England due to its mountainous terrain. However, this rainfall contributes to the lush green landscapes that the region is famous for. Winters can be cold, particularly in the higher elevations, while summers are generally mild, making it an ideal destination for outdoor activities.

The Isle of Man is a small island located in the Irish Sea, roughly halfway between England and Ireland. Known for its stunning landscapes, unique culture, and rich history, the Isle of Man is a self-governing British Crown dependency. The Isle of Man boasts a diverse landscape that includes rugged coastlines, rolling hills, mountains, and lush valleys. The highest point on the island is Snaefell, which rises to 2,036 feet (621 meters) and offers panoramic views of the surrounding seas and landscapes. The island has over 100 miles (160 km) of coastline, featuring cliffs, sandy beaches, and secluded bays. Notable coastal areas include Port Erin, Peel, and Douglas, the island's capital. The Isle of Man has a rich history dating back to prehistoric times. It is home to many ancient sites, including burial mounds, stone circles, and Viking remains. The island was once part of the Norse kingdom of the Kingdom of Mann and the Isles during the Viking Age. The Isle of Man has its own parliament called Tynwald, which is one of the oldest continuous parliaments in the world, dating back over 1,000 years. Tynwald is unique in that it meets outdoors annually on Tynwald Day (July 5), where laws are promulgated in both English and Manx Gaelic. The Isle of Man has its own Gaelic language, known as Manx. While it experienced a decline in the 20th century, there has been a resurgence of interest in the language and culture in recent years. The Isle of Man TT (Tourist Trophy) is a world-famous motorcycle racing event held annually in May and June. The races take place on public roads and attract thousands of spectators and competitors from around the globe. Located on the western coast, Peel Castle is a historic fortress that dates back to the 11th century. It offers stunning views of the surrounding harbour and is a popular tourist attraction. The Laxey Wheel, also known as the Great Laxey Wheel, is the largest working waterwheel in the world. Built in 1854 to pump water from nearby mines, it is now a symbol of the island's mining heritage and is a popular landmark. The Isle of Man is accessible by ferry from several ports in the UK, including Liverpool and Heysham, as well as by air through Isle of Man Airport near Ronaldsway. Once on the island, public transport includes buses, the Manx Electric Railway, and the Steam Railway, which provides scenic rides across the island.

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